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VP510
Bi Directional Colour Space Converter Advance Information
DS3507 - 1.6 September 1996
VP 510
FEATURES I User definable colour space conversion I Sampling rates up to 27 MHz I On chip decimating or interpolating FIR filters I Conversion from 24 bit inputs to 16 bit outputs or vice
versa
DESCRIPTION
The VP510 converts three channels of RGB data into two channels of decimated chrominance and luminance data. Alternatively it converts two channels of luminance and chrominance data into three channels of interpolated RGB data. Each channel has its own RAM based look up table, which can be loaded from a host system and then used for gamma correction and/or ranging. The direction of the data flow is controlled by a bit in a Control Register, and causes previous outputs to become inputs and vice versa. The filters change from the decimating to the interpolating mode, and correspondingly follow or precede the colour space conversion. The 3 x 3 conversion matrix is provided with user definable 12 bit coefficients which have a range from -4.0 to +4.0. The luminance channel is provided with a 23 tap low pass filter which can decimate or interpolate by two. The chrominance channels each have two 11 tap filters in series which can decimate or interpolate by four. This arrangement allows the device to accept or produce RGB data which has been 2x oversampled, thus avoiding the need for external analog antialiasing filters. If necessary the device will still accept or produce video data which has not been oversampled.
I I
RAM based look up tables for gamma correction 100 pin Quad Flat Pack
ASSOCIATED PRODUCTS I VP2611 Integrated H.261 Video Encoder I VP2615 H.261 Video Decoder I VP520S Two dimensional Video Filter ORDERING INFORMATION
VP510 CG GPFR (Commercial Temperature - PLCC Package).
HOST DATA BUS
CLOCK ADDRESS BUS
CLK GEN CONTROL COUNTER
RD
WR
CS
RES
OEN
CRI
CRO
ADDRESS RAM 256 X 8 BITS
23 TAP DECIMATING / INTERPOLATING FILTER CLEAR
LUMINANCE
RED
COUNTER
ADDRESS RAM 256 X 8 BITS
3X3 MATRIX MULTIPLIER
11 TAP DECIMATING / INTERPOLATING FILTER CLEAR
11 TAP DECIMATING / INTERPOLATING FILTER CLEAR
GREEN CHROMINANCE
COUNTER
ADDRESS RAM 256 X 8 BITS
11 TAP DECIMATING / INTERPOLATING FILTER CLEAR
11 TAP DECIMATING / INTERPOLATING FILTER CLEAR
BLUE HREF
PIPELINE DELAY
HREF DELAYED FLAG DELAYED
FLAG
PIPELINE DELAY
Figure 1. Simplified Block Diagram
1
VP 510
PIN DESCRIPTION PIN R7:0 G7:0 B7:0 Y7:0 C7:0 D7:0 A4:0 CLK HREF HDLY FI FO CRI CRO OEN CS RD WR RES TYPE I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I I I O I O I O I I I I I DESCRIPTION Unsigned Red data. Range may be changed by the RAM look up table Unsigned Green data. Range may be changed by the RAM look up table Unsigned Blue data. Range may be changed by the RAM look up table Unsigned Luminance data in or out. Range is user definable Two's complement or offset binary multiplexed chrominance data. Range is user definable Host data bus used for reading or writing Host Address Bus. Matrix coefficients and the control register are directly addressable External line locked clock. All inputs and outputs are referenced to the rising edge Horizontal or Composite reference used as a start of line indicator and to clear the FIR filters HREF input delayed by the 39 clock delay to a correctly filtered output Input Flag as defined by the user. No internal operation. FI delayed by the 39 clock delay to a correctly filtered output An input which indicates that valid luminance and chrominance data is present An output which indicates that valid luminance and chrominance data is on the output pins Active low output enable for the tristate bus. Used in conjunction with a Control Register bit Active low Chip Select from the host system Active low request from the host to read the matrix coefficients and RAM contents Active low request from the host to write to the device Asynchronous low reset used to initialise the device. Must be present for at least 1024 clock periods
LOOK UP TABLES
When the device is configured to produce chrominance and luminance outputs from RGB inputs, each of the three look up tables is addressed by its appropriate colour bus. Any changes to the data thus occur before the colour space conversion. Typically the look up tables are used to provide gamma correction to linear RGB inputs, and / or to limit the range of the inputs. The coefficients in the conversion matrix are usually defined to expect either a range of 1 - 254 or 16 235, when converting to Cr and Cb chrominance values. When the device is configured to produce RGB outputs, the look up tables are positioned just before the output buses. If linear outputs are required the tables can then be used to remove the gamma correction which is produced by the coefficients in the conversion matrix. They can also be used to expand the range produced by the conversion matrix. The RAM's are not dual ported and use by the host system takes priority over pixel accessing. The RAM's are not directly addressable from the host since the device only uses a 5 bit address bus. Instead each RAM has an internal address counter which must be cleared by writing to address decimal 27. Data is then sequentially written to the Red RAM by supplying 256 bytes of data and address 28. Similarly using address 29 will cause write operations to the green RAM, and address 30 will cause write operations to the blue RAM. The counters do not wrap around and must be reset by using address 27 before further write or read operations are required. Read operations are mechanized in a similar manner to write operations, except that a read strobe must be supplied instead of a write strobe. Since each RAM has its own address counter the red, green, and blue operations can be intermingled on a byte by byte basis, rather than completing one colour before starting the next. Although host operations are asynchronous to the device clock, this clock must be present to internally effect a read or write operation. The read and write strobes are internally synchronized to the clock, and the read strobe must be active for at least five clock periods, and the write strobe for two clock periods.
CONVERSION MATRIX
The 3 x 3 matrix multiplier performs the following basic operation on three channels with identical sampling rates; O/PA O/PB O/PC c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 I/PA I/PB I/PC
=
X
When converting from RGB to colour difference information, any decimation of the chrominance channels must be done after the above operation. Conversely when producing RGB data the chrominance channels must be interpolated before the matrix operation. The configuration bit in the Control Register takes care of this reorganization. The coefficients C9:1 are loaded from the host system, and are directly addressable using the 5 bits provided ( see Table 1 ). Each coefficient must be loaded as two bytes since it uses a total of 12 bits. The upper 4 bits in the most significant byte are don't care values. If the loaded values are read back by the host, these four bits will always be zero's, and are not sign bits. The 12 coefficient bits are comprised of 3 signed integer and 9 fractional bits. This gives a decimal range of -4.00 to approximately +3.998, with the fractional bits actually giving a decimal resolution of 0.001953. Pixel data going into the matrix multiplier uses a total of 13 bits; 10 signed integer bits plus 3 fractional bits. This additional pixel accuracy is only obtained from the output of the interpolating filters, where 10 integer bits are necessary to accommodate signed data with undershoot and overshoot beyond the nominal gain.
2
VP 510
In the RGB to chrominance and luminance mode, when pre interpolation does not occur, only 8 unsigned integer bits are available from the look up table. Thus, within the 13 bit total, the top 2 bits plus the bottom 3 bits will be made into zero's. Intermediate precision within the matrix multiplier grows to 15 signed integer bits plus 6 fractional bits. The least significant 9 or 10 of the integer bits are selected at the output, and the fractional bits are rounded to 3 bits. Ten integer bits are used when the matrix is producing RGB from interpolated chrominance and luminance. This allows for undershoot and overshoot beyond the nominal 8 bit unsigned value. Only 9 integer bits are necessary when the matrix is producing chrominance, and the three fractional bits provide additional precision into the decimating filter. In fact, if the matrix is producing normalized chrominance, the coefficients will have been chosen to produce an output in the range 127. This range only requires 8 integer bits, and the ninth bit will be a repeated sign bit. Note that 127 is actually representing 0.5 in this context. When the NORM bit in the Control Register is reset, the chrominance outputs lie in the range 1, or 256 in our internal representation. The full 9 integer bits are then needed. the incoming sampling rate. The filter coefficients remain the same in both cases, but the gain is adjusted to preserve the energy content.. When the filter is producing decimated luminance it accepts data from the matrix converter with 9 signed integer bits plus 3 fractional bits ( 9.3 ). Since luminance is always positive, however, the most significant bit will be zero. Words within the filter calculation are allowed to grow to 15 integer bits plus 6 fractional bits. This is then rounded to 15 bits plus 3 fractional bits, and finally the 10 least significant integer bits are chosen to give a 10.3 result. The 10 bit integer component allows for any undershoot or overshoot in the nominal 0 to 255 luminance range. The three fractional bits are used to round the integer component to a 10 bit value. This is then clipped to a value between 0 and 255. Negative values become zero, and positive values greater then 255 will saturate at 255. Outputs will not saturate under normal operating conditions, and the circuit is only necessary to prevent overflow when the input swings between the maximum and minimum values. Figure 2 illustrates the bit significance at various points in the data path. When the filter is used to interpolate incoming luminance data, the 8 bit input is padded to the 9.3 format used previously. The 13 bit output from the filter is applied to the matrix converter without further rounding. The response given by the filter is shown in Figure 3. Stop band attenuation is approximately 45 dB, and the maximum pass band ripple is 0.07 dB. These figures were obtained with 10 bit quantized coefficients and unquantized data. The effects of the various quantization steps within the filter, plus the reduction to 10 bits, is superimposed upon Figure 3. Also shown is the CCIR601 specification for a luminance or RGB
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
LUMINANCE FILTER
The luminance channel contains a 23 tap low pass filter with internally defined 10 bit signed coefficients. When the MODE bit in the Control Register is reset the filter will decimate the sampling rate by two. When the MODE bit is set the filter will interpolate the incoming data to produce outputs at twice
08.000 From Pins
9.3
0
0.1
From Matrix 1.9 Coefficents MAC ARRAY 15.6
30 10
20
CCIR601 Specification Quantized Coefficients, FP Data
ROUND 15.3 SELECT 10 INTEGER BITS 10.3 To Matrix Converter in Interpolate Mode
50 0.1 40
Quantized Coefficients and Data
ROUND 10.0 CLIP TO 0 - 255
60
0.05
70
0.0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
80
-0.05
Unsigned 8.0 to Pins
PASSBAND RIPPLE
-0.1
Fig 2. Bit significance in the Y Filter
Figure 3. Response of the Luminance Filter
3
VP 510
filter with 13.5 MHz output sampling. section on Chrominance Outputs. The response of the filters is given in Figure 5. These results were obtained with 10 bit quantized coefficients and unquantized data. The effects of the various quantization steps within the filter, and then finally rounding down to a 9 bit value are superimposed onto Figure 5. Also shown is the CCIR601 specification for sample rate conversion down to 4:2:2 resolution.
CHROMINANCE FILTERS
Each chrominance channel has two 11 tap filters in series and each pair can decimate or interpolate by four. The MODE bit defines whether the filters interpolate or decimate. The coefficients are 10 bit internally defined values, and are the same in both modes. Figure 4 illustrates the bit significance at various points in the calculation. When the filters are used to decimate chrominance produced by the matrix converter, the inputs are represents by either 8 or 9 signed integer bits plus 3 fractional bits. When the matrix coefficients have been chosen to produce normalized chrominance, the range can be represented by 8 integer bits. Otherwise 9 integer bits are needed. When the inputs are chrominance from the pins, the 3 fractional bits are set to zero, and the ninth bit is sign extended. Words within the filter calculation are allowed to grow to 15 integer bits plus 6 fractional bits. This is then rounded to 15 bits plus 3 fractional bits. When the filter is used to supply interpolated data to the matrix converter, the least significant 10 integer bits are selected out of the 15 outputs. Only 9 integer bits are actually needed to represent the filtered chrominance with undershoot and overshoot, but the hardware multiplier expects a 10 bit number. When the filter is producing decimated chrominance, the NORM bit in the Control Register is used to select which 12 integer and fractional bits will be used by the rounding and clipping circuit. For a full description of this operation see the
RGB INPUTS
The 24 bit RGB data must meet the set up and hold requirements, with respect to the rising edge of the clock, which are specified in Figure 6. The first edge after HREF has gone inactive ( i.e. high ) must strobe in the first samples if the delay to the first correctly filtered output is to match the fixed pipline delay of 39 clock to the HDLY and FO outputs. The maximum range is 0 to 255 for each component. If the coefficients in the matrix converter are defined for a restricted input range then this must be guaranteed by the user. Alternatively the look up tables can be used to limit the range. When HREF goes active low the outputs will go low after 39 clocks. The VP510 has been designed to accept two times oversampled RGB data from an A/D converter. This avoids the need for analog anti aliasing filters before the A/D converters. For this reason the clock used by the VP510 is expected to be twice the sampling clock needed to produce a given number of RGB pixels per line. If the RGB inputs have not been oversampled this double rate clock should still be used. Each incoming sample will then be internally used twice, but the decimating filters will still produce the correct luminance and chrominance values. Each input directly addresses its own RAM, which has been pre-loaded to meet the system requirements. Linear
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
RGB From Pins 8.000 From Matrix 8.3 Normalized 9.3 Un - normalized Coefficents 1.9
10
CCIR601 Specification Quantized Coefficients, FP data
20
TWO MAC ARRAYS 15.6 ROUND 15.3 10.3 To Matrix Converter in Interpolate Mode
Quantized Coefficients and Data
30 Peak 0.25 dB 40 0.15
SELECT 10 LS INTEGER BITS (NO FRACTIONAL) 10.0 ROUND WITH LSB 9
SELECT 9 LS INTEGER BITS + MS FRACTIONAL
50
9.1 ROUND WITH MS FRACTIONAL 9 NORM CONTROL BIT
0.1
60
0.05
70
CLIP TO 8 BITS
0.0
0.05
0.1
0.15
80
Signed 8.0 to Pins
-0.05
-0.1
PASSBAND RIPPLE
Figure 4. Bit significance
Figure 5. Response of the Chrominance Filters
4
VP 510
INPUT CLOCK Ts RGB INPUT Th Second I/P
RGB data must normally be gamma corrected by the RAM's before colour space conversion.
First I/P Tss
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE INPUTS
The 16 bit luminance and chrominance values must meet the set up and hold times, with respect to the rising edge of the clock, which are specified in Figure 7. Since the input rate will be half the clock rate an additional signal is required to indicate alternate clock periods. This signal ( CRI ) must also meet the set up and hold requirements given in Figure 7. On the first occurrence of CRI after HREF goes inactive ( High ), the 16 bit input bus must contain the first 8 bit luminance component plus the first 8 bit U,I, or Cr component, if the delay to the first correctly filtered output is to match the fixed pipeline delay to the HDLY and FO outputs. On the second occurrence it must contain the second luminance component plus the first V, Q, or Cb component. When HREF goes low the outputs will be forced low after the 39 clock pipeline delay. YUV or YIQ data is directly applied to the interpolating filters by setting the BYPASS Bit in the Control Register. When Y Cr Cb data is to be used this bit should be reset, and the inputs will then be applied to the ranging and offset circuitry. The SEL bit in the Control Register is used to determine the ranging options. If this bit is reset then the Y input will be
HREF INPUT Thd DELAYED HREF O/P Tcd RGB OUTPUT First O/P
CHARACTERISTIC I/P Clock rate I/P Set Up Time I/P Hold Time HREF Set Up Time Delayed HREF O/P Delay RGB O/P Delay
SYMBOL O Ts Th Tss Thd Tcd
MIN DC 10ns 0ns 10ns
MAX 27MHz
20ns 20ns
Figure 6. RGB I/O Timing (Advanced Data)
INPUT CLOCK Tss HREF INPUT Trs Trh
CRI LUM INPUT
Ts
Th Second I/P
First I/P Ts Th
CHROM INPUT
First U or I or Cr
First V or Q or Cb
INPUT CLOCK Thd Trd CRO Tcd LUM OUTPUT Tcd CHROM O/P First U or I or Cr Valid First O/P Valid Tcd FirstV or Q or CB Valid Tcd Trd
DELAYED HREF O/P
Second O/P Valid
CHARACTERISTIC I/P Clock Rate I/P Set Up Time I/P Hold Time HREF Set Up Time CREF Set Up Time CREF Hold Time Delayed HREF O/P Delay CREF O/P Delay Data O/P Delay
SYMBOL MIN O Ts Th Tss Trs Trh Thd Trd Tcd DC 10ns 0ns 10ns 10ns 0ns
MAX 27 MHz
20ns 20ns 20ns
Figure 7. Chrominance I/O Timing (Advanced Data)
5
VP 510
In normal operation of the VP510 the clock input will be two times the sampling clock required to produce a given number of pixels per line. The device then produces RGB outputs at this double rate, and thus avoids the needed for analog anti aliasing filters after the D/A converters. Incoming luminance data is interpolated by two, and chrominance data by four, to achieve these output rates. For standard CCIR601 video with 720 RGB pixels per line the clock needed would thus be 27 MHz. For square pixel NTSC a clock of 24.54 is needed, and square pixel PAL needs a clock of 29.5 MHz. If the RGB outputs are connected to a frame store rather than driving a D/A converter, then these oversampled outputs are probably not needed. Since the RGB data will not contain any frequencies above one quarter the clock rate used by the VP510, then the user can simply just use every other output sample without causing aliasing effects. Each 8 bit output value is obtained from the output of the matrix converter, which is internally represented by 13 bits. This comprises 10 signed integer bits plus three fractional bits. At this point the RGB values have a range of -512 to +511, which is sufficient to accommodate any overshoot or undershoot produced by the filters. If the most significant fractional bit is set, then the integer bits are incremented by one, and the result is then clipped. Negative values will be forced to zero, and values greater than +255 will be forced to saturate at +255. The resulting unsigned 8 bit number is made available on the output pins, as shown in Figure 2.
8 BIT CLIPPED INPUT ( 128 )
128
8 BIT CLIPPED INPUT ( 0 - 255 )
ADD
RANGE 16-240
RANGE 1-254
RANGE 16-235
RANGE 1-254
SEL
SEL
BYPASS
BYPASS
CHROMINANCE OUTPUTS
LUMINANCE OUTPUT
Figure 8. Chrominance and Luminance Output Options
adjusted to have a range of 16 - 235, and the Cr and Cb inputs will be adjusted to 16 - 240. If the SEL bit is set the range will be 1 - 254 for all three inputs. After either ranging option 128 is subtracted from the Cr and Cb channels before they are applied to the matrix converter. Note that if the incoming Y Cr Cb data is already correctly ranged then the range circuit will have no further action. The BYPASS pin must, however, still be reset or the offset of 128 will not be subtracted from the chrominance channels.
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE OUTPUTS
The 16 bit output bus changes on alternate rising edges of the clock, with the delay specified in Figure 7. Each output remains valid for two clock periods and is either comprised of a luminance byte plus a U, I, or Cr component, or another luminance byte plus a V, Q, or Cb component. The sequence of events following the HREF delayed output is shown in Figure 7. The CRO signal can be used as a clock enable or a half rate clock for the next component in the system.
WRITE CYCLE
ADDRESS
RGB OUTPUTS
RGB outputs will be valid after the delay from the rising edge of the clock given in Figure 6. A version of the HREF input is provided ( HDLY ), which has been delayed by the same number of clock periods as the data. This indicates when the first converted samples are available from each line.
READ CYCLE
ADDRESS Tsh CHIP SELECT Trs READ STROBE Tac DATA OUT Data Valid Tlz Thz Tas Tah Tri
CHIP SELECT Tws WRITE STROBE
T
Tah Twi
Tds DATA IN Data Valid
CHARACTERISTIC Addresss Set Up Time Address Hold Time Chip Select Set Up Time Chip Select Hold Time Strobe In active Time Data Access Time Delay to O/P's low Z Delay to O/P's high Z
SYMBOL Tas Tah Trs Tsh Tri Tac Tlz Thz
MIN 10ns 10ns 0ns 0ns Ons
MAX
NOTE O is the period of the input clock
CHARACTERISTIC Addresss Set Up Time Address Hold Time Chip Select Set Up Time Chip Select Hold Time Strobe In active Time Strobe Active Time Data Set Up Time Data Hold Time
SYMBOL Tas Tah Tws Tsh Twi Twa Tds Tdh
MIN 10ns 10ns 0ns 0ns 3Ons 2Ons 10ns 10ns
10 +5Ons 4Ons 25ns
Figure 9. Host Interface Timing (Advanced Data)
6
VP 510
ADDR 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 27 28 29 30 31 18 - 26 FUNCTION ADDR FUNCTION C1 H Byte C2 H Byte C3 H Byte C4 H Byte C5 H Byte C6 H Byte C7 H Byte C8 H Byte C9 H Byte When the BYPASS bit is reset decimal 128 will be added to each chrominance channel, to provide a positive only number. The SEL bit then either limits the range to 1 to 254 or to 16 to 240. Values outside those ranges are respectively forced to the minimum or maximum values. Note that if the BYPASS pin is reset then the NORM bit must be set.
C1 L Byte 1 C2 L Byte 3 C3 L Byte 5 C4 L Byte 7 C5 L Byte 9 C6 L Byte 11 C7 L Byte 13 C8 L Byte 15 C9 L Byte 17 RAM Address Reset R/W Red RAM R/W Green RAM R/W Blue RAM Control Register Not Used
Table 1. Internal Address Map
HOST INTERFACING
The VP510 utilizes a conventional microprocessor interface except that the RAM based look up tables are not directly addressable. The address inputs must meet set up and hold times with respect to the front edge of the read and write strobes. These are given in Figure 9. Note that the address inputs are internally latched, and need not stay valid for the whole of the strobe times. Chip select, however, must stay active for the whole of the strobe times. Data, which is to be written to the RAM or Control Register, must meet set up and hold times with respect to the back edge of the write strobe. These are also given in Figure 9. The device clock must be present for the write operation to occur, and internal synchronization takes place. For this reason the write strobe must be active for at least 2 clock periods. Reading data from the VP510 also requires the presence of the device clock. Data from the RAM is internally pipelined and the read strobe must be active for at least 5 clock periods ( 4 pipeline delays plus synchronization ). The output bus will not go low impedance before this pipeline delay. The matrix coefficients and the Control Register are directly addressable, and use the locations given in Table 1. Four addresses are used to access the three RAM's, and the scheme used is descibed in the section on the look up tables.
Internally the luminance component obtained from the decimating filter is represented by the 10 least significant integer bits plus 3 fractional bits. The 10 integer bits accommodate any undershoot or overshoot caused by the filter. If the most significant fractional bit is set, then the integer bits are incremented by one. The resulting 10 bit signed integer value ,representing 512, is then clipped to provide an 8 bit, positive only, number. Negative values become zero, and values greater than 255 will saturate at 255. The NORM bit in the Control Register determines which bits out of the 15.3 available are selected from the outputs of the chrominance filters. The choice is illustrated in Figure 4. If the user is working with normalized chrominance, then the matrix coefficients will have been chosen to produce outputs in the range of 128 ( representing 0.5 ). This range only requires 8 signed integer bits, and the ninth bit going into the filter will be a repeated sign bit. The 9 least significant integer bits are then selected out of the 15 available from the output of the filter. These are then sufficient to accommodate any undershoot and overshoot beyond the 8 bit input, and are rounded with the most significant fractional bit. The resulting 9 bit signed value is clipped to an 8 bit signed number with a range of 128, representing 0.5. Values outside the range are clipped to the maximum values allowed. When chrominance is not normalized the range becomes 1, or 256 in our internal notation. This range needs all 9 bits of the integer component going into the filter, and requires 10 integer bits coming out of the filter to allow for undershoot and overshoot. The 9 bit value expected by the clipping circuit is now produced by using the least significant integer bit to round the next 9 integer bits. This word is then clipped to an 8 bit signed value with a range of 128, but now representing 1 since higher order bits were selected at the output of the filter. If the BYPASS bit is set in the Control Register, these values are passed directly to the output pins. If this bit is reset they are further modified in a manner determined by the SEL bit in the Control Register. This is illustrated in Figure 8. If the SEL bit is set, then zero luminance values become 1 and value 255 is clipped at 254. If the SEL bit is reset, then values below 16 will be forced to decimal 16 and values greater than 235 will be forced to 235.
DEVICE CONFIGURATION
The device is configured by means of bits in a Control Register. A reset pulse must be applied, whilst the device clock is active, before loading the Control Register. The reset pulse will actually clear all the control bits to zero, and ensure that neither output bus is low impedance, even if OEN is low. The significance of the bits is given below. For a fuller description of individual bits see the releant sections. BIT NAME 0 OEI FUNCTION This bit must be set and the OEN pin must be low for either the 24 or 16 bit output bus to be low impedance. The status of the MODE bit determines which bus is actually enabled as an output. With this arrangement either bus can be controlled by software or by driving a pin. This bit controls the range of the luminance and chrominance data. When high the I/O range is 1-254. When low the luminance is 16-235 and the chrominance is 16-240. This bit selects the direction of operation. When low the 24 bit bus represents RGB inputs and the 16 bit bus represents luminance and chrominance outputs. The filters then deci mate. When high the data flow reverses and the filters interpolate.
1
SEL
2
MODE
7
VP 510
3 BYPASS This bit should be reset when Cr Cb data is to being processed. NORM must then be set.It should be set when the ranging and offset circuit is to be bypassed. NORM When this bit is reset the chrominance outputs are not normalized, and the 8 bit outputs rep resent a range of 1. When NORM is set the outputs will represents a range of 0.5, still using 8 bits. Reserved. Must all be reset. The equivalent HEX values which be loaded into the device are given below; Y U V R G B 099 FA9 100 200 200 200 12C F56 F29 000 F4F 38B 03A 100 FD6 2CD E92 000 R G B Y U V
=
4
=
7:5
CONVERSION BETWEEN RGB AND YIQ
The coefficients for converting analog RGB to YIQ are given below. The gamma corrected RGB inputs have a range of 0 to 1. Analog I and Q have ranges of 0.596 and 0.525 respectively, and the NORM bit must be reset to produce 8 bit outputs representing a range of 1. The BYPASS bit must be set. Y I Q 0.299 0.596 0.212 0.587 -0.275 -0.523 0.114 -0.321 0.311 R G B
CONVERSION BETWEEN RGB AND YUV
If incoming, gamma corrected, analog RGB is normalized to a range of 0 to 1, then the following coefficients will produce YUV outputs. Y will have a range of 0 to 1, U will have a range of 0.436, and V will have a range of 0.615. The NORM bit must be reset, and the BYPASS bit set. The 8 bit chrominance outputs then represent a possible range of 1. Y U= V 0.299 -0.147 0.615 0.587 -0.289 -0.51 0.114 0.436 -0.100 R G B
=
In the opposite direction the following coefficients produce gamma corrected RGB, when the YIQ inputs have the ranges given above. R G B 1 1 1 0.956 -0.272 -1.108 0.620 -0.647 1.705 Y I Q
The coefficients given below will produce gamma corrected RGB normalized to a range of 1, when YUV have the ranges given above. R G= B 1 1 1 0 -0.395 2.032 1.140 -0.581 0 Y U V
=
In HEX these values become; Y I Q R G B 099 131 06C 200 200 200 12C F73 EF4 1E9 F74 SDC8 03A F5B 09F 139 EB4 368 R G B Y I Q
These coefficients translate to the following HEX values, which define the 12 bit number to be loaded. Note that these are given as simple three digit HEX values, without a separate 3 bit integer and 9 bit fractional part. Y U= V R G= B 099 F64 13A 200 200 200 12C F6C EF8 000 F35 410 03A 0DF FCC 247 ED6 000 R G B Y U V
=
=
The conversion between digital RGB and normalized digital YIQ requires the following coefficients. I and Q are then compressed to fall in the range of 0.5, and the NORM bit must be set since the 8 bit chrominance outputs now represent 0.5. The BYPASS bit must also be set. Y I Q R G B 0.299 0.500 0.203 1 1 1 0.587 -0.231 -0.500 1.139 -0.324 -1.321 0.114 -0.269 0.297 0.648 -0.677 1.783 R G B Y I Q
If normalized digital UV components are required, the coefficients must be modified as given below. The NORM and BYPASS bits should then be set. The U I/O range is expanded to 0.5, and the V I/O range is compressed to the same values. Y has an I/O range of 0 to 255. The 8 bit chrominance outputs now represent a range of 0.5. Y U= V R G B 0.299 -0.169 0.5 1 1 1 0.587 -0.331 -0.419 0 -0.344 1.772 0.114 0.500 -0.081 1.42 -0.714 0 R G B Y U V
=
=
These correspond to the HEX coefficients gven below; Y I Q 099 100 068 12C F89 F00 03A F76 098 R G B
=
=
8
VP 510
R G= B 200 200 200 247 F5A D5B 146 EA5 391 Y I Q be forced to the correct maximum or minimum value. The offset of 128 is added to the Cr Cb values before the ranging is done. The HEX values which correspond to the analog matrix are given below; C1 C2 C4 C5 C7 C8 C3 C6 C9 99 100 FA9 12D F29 F57 3A FD7 100
CONVERSION FROM Y Cr Cb TO RGB
The analog conversion matrix is given below; R= G= B= Y + 1.402( Cr - 128 ) Y - 0.714( Cr - 128 ) - 0.344( Cb - 128 ) Y +1.772( Cb - 128 )
=
In the CCIR601 specification the digital matrix is expressed as fractions of 256, and is given below; Y= Cr = Cb = 77/256R + 150/256G + 29/256B 131/256R - 110/256G - 21/256B + 128 -44/256R - 87/256G + 131/256B + 128
If the Y Cr Cb ranges are all 1 to 254, then the RGB range produced will be 1 to 254. If the Y range is 16 to 235 and the Cr Cb ranges are 16 to 240, then the expected RGB range is 16 to 235. Incoming Y CR Cb data can be adjusted to either of these ranges by using the SEL bit in the Control Register. The input circuit also does the necessary subtraction of 128 from the Cr and Cb values ( the BYPASS bit must be reset ). The resulting HEX values which must be loaded into the coefficient store are given below; C1 C2 C4 C5 C7 C8 C3 C6 C9 200 200 200 2CE E92 0 0 F50 38B
The HEX values which correspond to this digital matrix are given below; C1 C2 C4 C5 C7 C8 C3 C6 C9 9A 106 FA8 12C F24 F52 3A FD6 106
=
=
This matrix expects the RGB inputs to be in the range of 16 to 235, and also the SEL bit to detemine the output range.
The digital conversion matrix is given below; R= G= B Y + 1.37( Cr - 128 ) Y - 0.698( Cr - 128 ) - 0.336( Cb - 128 ) Y + 1.73( Cb - 128 )
CONVERSION BETWEEN RGB AND Y,RY,AND B-Y
The analog matrices used to convert between RGB and Y Cr Cb can also be used with normalized colour difference information. The BYPASS bit must, however, be reset to avoid the 128 offset circuitry. RGB and Y inputs and outputs will have a range of 0 to 255. Colour difference inputs and outputs will have a range of -128 to +127 ( 0.5 ). The NORM bit should always be set. When working with analog colour difference values the following coefficients should be used, with the NORM bit reset. R - Y will have a range of 0.701, and B - Y a range of 0.886. Y R-Y B-Y R G B 0.299 0.701 -0.299 1 1 1 0.587 -0.587 -0.587 1 -0.509 0 0 -0.194 1 0.114 -0.114 0.886 Y R-Y B-Y R G B
The corresponding HEX values are given below; C1 C2 C4 C5 C7 C8 C3 C6 C9 200 200 200 2BD E9B 0 0 F54 376
=
The digital matrix only functions correctly when the Y range is 16 to 235 and the Cr Cb ranges are 16 to 240. The RGB range produced should then be 16 to 235. Both the SEL and BYPASS bits should thus be reset.
=
CONVERSION FROM RGB TO Y Cr Cb
The analog matrix is given below; Y= Cr = Cb = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B 0.5R - 0.419G - 0.081B + 128 -0.169R - 0.331G + 0.5B + 128
=
The corresponding HEX values are given below; Y R-Y = B-Y R G B 099 167 F67 200 200 200 200 EFB 0 12C ED3 ED3 0 F9D 200 03A FC6 1C6 Y R-Y B-Y R G B
This can handle RGB ranges of either 1 to 254 or 16 to 235. If necessary the RAM based look up tables can be used to limit the range of the incoming RGB. The BYPASS bit must always be reset, and the NORM bit set, when producing Cr and Cb data. The SEL bit is used to limit the range of the YCr Cb values which are outputed. When SEL is set all three output ranges are 1 to 254. When it is reset the Y range is 16 to 235, and the Cr Cb ranges are 16 to 240. Values ouside the range limits will
=
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VP 510
250 RED CHANNEL 200
150
100
50 GREEN OR BLUE CHANNEL
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
27 MHZ CLOCK PERIODS
Figure 10. RGB Response to step changes in Y Cr Cb
RESPONSE TO INPUT STEP CHANGES
Figure 10 shows the actual response given by the RGB outputs to step changes in the Y Cr Cb inputs. Note that both negative undershoot and overshoot above 255 are prevented by the clipping circuit. The response of the Blue and Green filters will always be identical since they use identical circuits. The Red channel uses a different interpolating filter. The Y Cr Cb changes were calculated to theoretically cause the RGB outputs to swing from maximum to minimum values, using the analog coefficients. Initial Y Cr Cb values were 151/20/43 with a step to 105/236/213. These should cause RGB to change from 0/255/0 to 255/0/255. The second transition was caused by changing the Y CR Cb values from 228/148/0 to 179/0/171. This should cause RGB to change
250 TRANSITION 1 Y TRANSITION 2
from 255/255/0 to 0/255/255. Figure 11 show the response of the Y Cr Cb outputs to maximum range step changes in RGB. The sequence used to cause the four transitions, and the theoretical results are given below. R Start T1 T2 T3 T4 255 255 0 0 255 G 255 255 255 255 0 B 255 0 255 0 255 Y 235 226 178 148 106 Cr 128 149 16 21 237 Cb 128 16 172 44 212
TRANSITION 3
TRANSITION 4 Cr Cb
200
Cr 150
Y 100
50 Cb
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
13.5 MHZ CLOCK PERIODS
Figure 11. Y Cr Cb response to step changes in RGB
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VP 510
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS [See Notes]
Supply voltage Vcc -0.5V to 7.0V -0.5V to Vcc + 0.5V Input voltage VIN Output voltage VOUT -0.5V to Vcc + 0.5V Clamp diode current per pin IK (see note 2) 18mA Static discharge voltage (HMB) 500V Storage temperature TS -65C to 150C Ambient temperature with power applied TAMB 0C to 70C Junction temperature 100C Package power dissipation 1000mW NOTES ON MAXIMUM RATINGS 1. Exceeding these ratings may cause permanent damage. Functional operation under these conditions is not implied. 2. Maximum dissipation or 1 second should not be exceeded, only one output to be tested at any one time. 3. Exposure to absolute maximum ratings for extended periods may affect device reliablity. 4. Current is defined as negative into the device.
Delay from output high impedance to output high Test Waveform - measurement le vel
Delay from output high to output high impedance
VH
0.5V
Delay from output low to output high impedance
VL
0.5V
Delay from output high impedance to output low
1.5V
0.5V
1.5V
0.5V
VH - Voltage reached wh en output driven hig VL - Voltage reached wh en output driven low
STATIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristic Symbol Min. Output high voltage Output low voltage Input high voltage Input low voltage Input leakage current Input capacitance Output leakage current Output S/C current
FUNCTION NC NC NC VDD CLK RES GND OEN GND FI NC HREF FO HDLY CRI CRO GND VDD R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 PIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Operating Conditions (unless otherwise stated) Tamb = 0 C to +70C Vcc = 5.0v 10% Value Typ. Units Max. 0.4 0.8 +10 10 -50 10 +50 300
FUNCTION NC NC NC VDD Y7 Y6 NC Y5 NC Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 GND VDD C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 NC C1 NC
Conditions
VOH VOL VIH VIL IIN CIN IOZ ISC
FUNCTION R0 GND NC NC NC VDD G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0 GND VDD B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 GND
3.4 2.0 -10
V V V V A pF A mA
PIN 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
IOH = 4mA IOL = -4mA 3V for CLK GND < VIN < VCC GND < VOUT < VCC VCC = Max
FUNCTION C0 NC GND NC NC VDD D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 GND VDD A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 CS RD WR GND PIN 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
PIN 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Pin Out Diagram
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VP 510
ORDERING INFORMATION VP510 CG GPFR (Commercial Temperature - PLCC Package).
HEADQUARTERS OPERATIONS MITEL SEMICONDUCTOR Cheney Manor, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 2QW, United Kingdom. Tel: (01793) 518000 Fax: (01793) 518411 MITEL SEMICONDUCTOR 1500 Green Hills Road, Scotts Valley, California 95066-4922 United States of America. Tel (408) 438 2900 Fax: (408) 438 5576/6231
Internet: http://www.gpsemi.com CUSTOMER SERVICE CENTRES G FRANCE & BENELUX Les Ulis Cedex Tel: (1) 69 18 90 00 Fax : (1) 64 46 06 07 G GERMANY Munich Tel: (089) 419508-20 Fax : (089) 419508-55 G ITALY Milan Tel: (02) 6607151 Fax: (02) 66040993 G JAPAN Tokyo Tel: (03) 5276-5501 Fax: (03) 5276-5510 G KOREA Seoul Tel: (2) 5668141 Fax: (2) 5697933 G NORTH AMERICA Scotts Valley, USA Tel: (408) 438 2900 Fax: (408) 438 5576/6231 G SOUTH EAST ASIA Singapore Tel:(65) 3827708 Fax: (65) 3828872 G SWEDEN Stockholm Tel: 46 8 702 97 70 Fax: 46 8 640 47 36 G TAIWAN, ROC Taipei Tel: 886 2 25461260 Fax: 886 2 27190260 G UK, EIRE, DENMARK, FINLAND & NORWAY Swindon Tel: (01793) 726666 Fax : (01793) 518582 These are supported by Agents and Distributors in major countries world-wide. (c) Mitel Corporation 1998 Publication No. DS3507 Issue No. 1.6 September 1996 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION - NOT FOR RESALE. PRINTED IN UNITED KINGDOM
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12
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